The Chatham MBA consists of 36 credits separated into three parts:

• Eight (8) core courses which provide students with detailed coverage of the advanced business knowledge and critical skills that are most in demand by employers (24 credits)
• Three (3) courses associated with the concentrations (9 credits)
• A challenging business consulting project in the MBA capstone (3 credits)

Students enrolling in the online MBA program may declare one of the following concentrations as each has been specifically designed for online delivery:

1. Entrepreneurial Leadership & Strategy
2. Healthcare Management
3. Self-Designed

Admission Requirements

Admission Deadlines

• Fall Recommended Deadline - July 1
• Spring Recommended Deadline - November 1

Application Requirements

Applicants to the MBA program must submit the following information to the Office of Admissions for review:

• Completed online application
• Official transcripts from all colleges and universities attended
• Resume
• Admission Essay (Optional)

Admissions Materials may be submitted to:
Chatham University
Office of Graduate Admission
Woodland Road
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Fax:  (412) 365-1609
Email: graduate@chatham.edu

International Applicants

International Applicants to the MBA program must submit additional documentation to the Office of Admissions.

A list of these documents can be found on the International Admission web pages.

Pre-requisites

• A baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university
• Minimum of a 3.0 GPA
• Business Statistics
• Financial Accounting
• Proficiency in MS Excel
• *If admitted, you can take these courses before the start or in conjunction with the start of the MBA program.

Admission Process

After verifying that the minimum academic requirements are met, the program utilizes a holistic approach in reviewing the candidate's entire application. This process is intended to seek talented and qualified individuals of all backgrounds. Taking multiple factors into consideration during our admissions process positively achieves the educational benefits of a student body that is both diverse and academically excellent. This approach includes an evaluation of each candidate’s academic achievement as well as their personal characteristics, attributes and experiences.

Applicants will be informed by the Office of Admissions about whether or not they have been accepted into the MBA program.

Integrated Degree Program

Chatham University undergraduates applying through the Integrated Degree Program (IDP) must complete all requirements outlined on their respective admission or track tab on the IDP Portal Site. All IDP applicants should work closely with their academic advisor to ensure they are meeting all requirements according to their IDP course of study.

Learning Outcomes

In master’s level programs, knowledge of the key content areas of business is assumed. Students without previous business courses take the Prerequisite Courses. Graduates of master’s level programs should acquire a depth of knowledge in these areas that exceeds that of the typical bachelor’s degree graduate. Graduates of the MBA program should be able to demonstrate that they possess business-specific content outcomes and business-related professional skills outcomes.

Graduates of the MBA program will be able to:

1. Communicate professionally as a business leader both orally and in writing to bridge diverse perspectives, cultures, and disciplines
2. Analyze ethical implications of business practices using advanced levels of ethical reasoning
3. Perform strategic analysis effectively
4. Apply quantitative methods to business problem solving
5. Assess global opportunities and challenges for business growth
6. Collaborate effectively as a business leader
7. In-depth Knowledge for specific MBA concentrations:
   • Accounting
   • Entrepreneurial Leadership and Strategy- Demonstrate knowledge, skills and techniques to lead entrepreneurial and strategic ventures
   • Healthcare Management- Demonstrate knowledge, skills and techniques to manage healthcare operations effectively and efficiently
   • Project Management- Demonstrate knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently
   • Supply Chain Management- Demonstrate knowledge, skills and techniques to manage supply chain operations effectively and efficiently
   • Self-Designed

Curriculum

+Accounting Track

27 Required Credits + 9 Elective Credits

Required
BUS570	Global Business This course introduces students to international business and management by studying cultural influences, government, and business structures in our global economy. Students also learn about trade relations, international finance and legal and labor agreements. Also covered, are topics on information needs, production systems, marketing and promotion, and career planning.	3
BUS576	Sustainable Human Capital Cultivate theoretical understanding and ethical and practical skills for managing human capital. Explore individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis focusing on topics of motivation, communication, group dynamics, decision making, culture, power, and politics. Analyze the effectiveness of tools for talent acquisition and development, such as compensation, feedback, and assessment.	3
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BUS577	Business Analytics This course explores the strategic transformation of raw data into information and intelligence. Students learn to source and integrate datasets, apply analytical methods, and communicate insights from modeled findings. Enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), data warehouses, and Big Data are critically examined through cases and hands-on projects.	3
OR
ACT580	Accounting Information Systems This course examines critical business processes and IT audits through theories of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and using auditing tools and enterprise systems. Case analyses and project assignments nurture professional competence in communicating objectives and procedures through systems documentation techniques, systems analysis and design methodologies, and information processing.	3
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BUS618	Economics for Managers This course teaches how economic tools and techniques can be used to solve business problems. Economics describes why firms do what they do and points to business strategies. The course focuses on economic applications. The course provides an understanding of how economics influences marketing, management, and other business-related decisions.	3
--------------------
BUS652	Managerial Accounting This course examines accounting information that is used in managerial decision making within the organization. Focus is on interpretation of financial statements, cost accounting, financial planning and analysis, the development of internal controls, and constructing budgets.	3
OR
ACT625	Cost Analysis Cost Analysis introduces students to the role cost considerations play in management decision making. Topics include the classification and allocation of costs, job order and process costing, standard costs, budgeting and planning, cost-volume-profit analysis, and using costs as performance measurements.	3
--------------------
BUS671	Marketing Management This course takes the Chief Marketing Officer’s (CMO) perspective to explore marketing as a core business practice. Discussions focus on theories and principles for interfacing with customers, competitors, partners, and the external environment. Concepts are applied to planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods and services.	3
BUS672	Corporate Finance and Governance This course focuses on financial-analytical tools and methods for making effective business and policy decisions. Topics include setting financial health benchmarks, assessing financial performance, interpreting financial data and making informed recommendations that protect the interests of all stakeholders. The principles of good corporate governance provide assurance of long-term business viability.	3
BUS698	Strategy and Entrepreneurship "Develop strategies to gain and sustain competitive advantage. Examine the goals of an organization, the social, political, technological, economic, and global factors in the business environment, industry structure, market dynamics, and firm strengths and weaknesses. Develop and implement strategy across industries, and as an entrepreneur, through case analyses and simulations. " Pre-requisites Complete the following course: BUS671 Marketing Management	3
BUS699	Business Consulting Capstone This course is the culminating experience in the MBA program. Students apply professional-level business consulting skills learned in the MBA program. Business Consulting Capstone student teams solve business problems for businesses and entrepreneurs. Pre-requisites Complete all 2 of the following courses: BUS672 Corporate Finance BUS698 Strategy and Entrepreneurship	3
Electives (select 3 of the 4 listed for a total of 9 credits)
ACT512	Auditing This course engages the student in a comprehensive study of auditing objectives, standards, and procedures employed in the examination of business enterprises and verification of their financial statements. Topics include an evaluation of internal control, preparation of work papers, report writing, professional ethics, and current auditing trends.	3
ACT620	Advanced Financial Accounting This course introduces the student to many advanced financial accounting issues. Includes the application of GAAP rules for consolidation of inter-corporate acquisitions and investments in other entities, multi-national accounting issues involving foreign currency transactions and translation of foreign entity statements, accounting for partnerships, and segment and interim reporting requirements.	3
ACT630	Advanced Tax Accounting This course is designed to introduce students to advanced strategies in taxation. The course's focus is upon how tax research is performed and the basic concepts underlying the strategic tax planning. Tax issues associated with new businesses, business operation, growth, expansion, termination, and liquidations and estate planning are examined.	3
ACT540	Government and Non-Profit Accounting This course's focus is upon the principles of fund accounting and the financial reporting, budgeting and auditing of both public and private not-for-profit organizations. Particular attention is given to accounting procedures for the activities of state and local governments, but the course also considers other not-for-profit entities.	3
ACT699	Forensic Accounting Focuses on preventing, detecting, and investigating common types of internal and external fraud. Designed to cultivate advanced understanding methods of analysis of financial crime allegations. Provides the culminating experience of Chatham University's MAcc program. Should be one of the last courses taken in the MAcc Program. Pre-requisites Complete all 3 of the following courses: ACT573 Business Law and Ethics ACT620 Advanced Financial Accounting ACT630 Advanced Tax Accounting	3

+Degree Requirements

Proficiency in written and oral communications, college level math, and computer usage, including word processing, spread sheets, databases, and the Internet, are required. Basic knowledge of statistics, accounting, and Excel are essential. Students without previous business coursework or life experience in these areas must complete competency coursework. Consult with the admissions counselor about how to meet these competencies.

+Core Requirements

The MBA consists of a Core of 9 courses (27 credit hours) and the requirements of one specific concentration (Entrepreneurial Leadership and Strategy, Food and Agriculture, Healthcare Management, Information Management, Project Management, Supply Chain Management, Sustainability, or Self-Designed Concentration). Students should declare their Concentration as they enter the program.

(9 required courses - 27 credit hours are required in all six concentrations)
BUS570	Global Business This course introduces students to international business and management by studying cultural influences, government, and business structures in our global economy. Students also learn about trade relations, international finance and legal and labor agreements. Also covered, are topics on information needs, production systems, marketing and promotion, and career planning.	3
BUS576	Sustainable Human Capital Cultivate theoretical understanding and ethical and practical skills for managing human capital. Explore individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis focusing on topics of motivation, communication, group dynamics, decision making, culture, power, and politics. Analyze the effectiveness of tools for talent acquisition and development, such as compensation, feedback, and assessment.	3
BUS577	Business Analytics This course explores the strategic transformation of raw data into information and intelligence. Students learn to source and integrate datasets, apply analytical methods, and communicate insights from modeled findings. Enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), data warehouses, and Big Data are critically examined through cases and hands-on projects.	3
OR
ACT580	Accounting Information Systems This course examines critical business processes and IT audits through theories of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and using auditing tools and enterprise systems. Case analyses and project assignments nurture professional competence in communicating objectives and procedures through systems documentation techniques, systems analysis and design methodologies, and information processing.	3
BUS618	Economics for Managers This course teaches how economic tools and techniques can be used to solve business problems. Economics describes why firms do what they do and points to business strategies. The course focuses on economic applications. The course provides an understanding of how economics influences marketing, management, and other business-related decisions.	3
BUS652	Managerial Accounting This course examines accounting information that is used in managerial decision making within the organization. Focus is on interpretation of financial statements, cost accounting, financial planning and analysis, the development of internal controls, and constructing budgets.	3
OR
ACT625	Cost Analysis Cost Analysis introduces students to the role cost considerations play in management decision making. Topics include the classification and allocation of costs, job order and process costing, standard costs, budgeting and planning, cost-volume-profit analysis, and using costs as performance measurements.	3
BUS671	Marketing Management This course takes the Chief Marketing Officer’s (CMO) perspective to explore marketing as a core business practice. Discussions focus on theories and principles for interfacing with customers, competitors, partners, and the external environment. Concepts are applied to planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods and services.	3
BUS672	Corporate Finance and Governance This course focuses on financial-analytical tools and methods for making effective business and policy decisions. Topics include setting financial health benchmarks, assessing financial performance, interpreting financial data and making informed recommendations that protect the interests of all stakeholders. The principles of good corporate governance provide assurance of long-term business viability.	3
BUS698	Strategy and Entrepreneurship "Develop strategies to gain and sustain competitive advantage. Examine the goals of an organization, the social, political, technological, economic, and global factors in the business environment, industry structure, market dynamics, and firm strengths and weaknesses. Develop and implement strategy across industries, and as an entrepreneur, through case analyses and simulations. " Pre-requisites Complete the following course: BUS671 Marketing Management	3
BUS699	Business Consulting Capstone This course is the culminating experience in the MBA program. Students apply professional-level business consulting skills learned in the MBA program. Business Consulting Capstone student teams solve business problems for businesses and entrepreneurs. Pre-requisites Complete all 2 of the following courses: BUS672 Corporate Finance BUS698 Strategy and Entrepreneurship	3

+Entrepreneurial Leadership and Strategy Concentration

9 credits

BUS550	Innovation and Commercialization This course focuses on how to successfully commercialize an innovation. Understanding commercialization activities such as pre-product launch planning, market testing, actual product launch, and post-launch follow-up is a major part of the course. The course provides a run-through of the complete cycle from idea to market entry.	3
BUS575	Leading Organizations and Projects The course cultivates the student's executive leadership potential for organizational development and transformation, with specific applications to the project management environment. Theoretical perspective and case analyses will explore topics of leading one's self, motivating project teams, change management, and transforming the organization.	3
BUS623	Strategic Performance for Executives This course will cover issues specific to business leaders such as conflict management, negotiation and persuasion, mentoring structures, crisis communication, and organizational change. Other topics will include implicit and explicit attitude toward authority in the workplace; implicit social cognition; attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, etc.	3

+Healthcare Management Concentration

9 credits online

BUS511	Health Policy & Advocacy Analyze and synthesize innovative approaches to issues in health care delivery at all levels. Politics, policy, market forces, and advocacy are used to assess how system approaches affect health care delivery. Transformational leadership for political and policy activism are emphasized, while exploring regional, national, and global health issues and trends.	3
BUS551	Informatics in Healthcare This course is designed to assist the student in understanding the various database systems used within a healthcare setting. Key to this course is understanding how healthcare professionals can collect and extract data from database systems to assess the organizations performance and impact on patient outcomes.	3
COM510	Health Communications Course provides an introduction to the essential concepts and theories of health communication. Students study how individuals understand health issues and how communication processes help shape and influence our acceptance of health-related messages. Topics include health literacy, media coverage of health issues, and health risk communications.	3

+Project Management Concentration

9 credits

BUS575	Leading Organizations and Projects The course cultivates the student's executive leadership potential for organizational development and transformation, with specific applications to the project management environment. Theoretical perspective and case analyses will explore topics of leading one's self, motivating project teams, change management, and transforming the organization.	3
BUS582	Foundations of Project Management This course explores the knowledge areas and project stages from the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Students acquire concepts and skills in initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing projects. The course examines the management of project integration, scope, time, cost, human resources, communications, risk, and procurement.	3
BUS680	Complex Issues in Project Management Case studies and simulations engage students in the examination of complex issues in project management, such as control, portfolio management, and rescuing failing projects. The Student will be able to analyze, evaluate, and optimize projects in specific environments and industries. Pre-requisites Complete the following course: BUS582 Foundations of Project Management	3

+Supply Chain Management Concentration

9 credits

BUS513	Logistics and Operations This course introduces students to technical tools and skills essential for problem solving and decision-making in logistics and operations management. Topics may include inventory optimization, network planning, demand forecasting, transportation planning, and productions planning. Mastery of quantitative methods using spreadsheet modeling is required for all students.	3
BUS562	Global Procurement In this course, students examine success factors, ethical challenges, legal issues, and managerial implications of global procurement. Students also develop a deep understanding of the impact of procurement on quality, cost, and efficiency of supply chain management through use of procurement tools, techniques, and methodologies.	3
BUS641	Sustainable Supply Chain Management This course provides students with an understanding of how supply chain works, how and where along the supply chain sustainability questions should be addressed/considered, and the impacts of those decisions on stakeholders further down the chain. Topics include: packaging, transportation, energy use, and waste.	3

+Self-Designed Concentration

Choose 9 credits

ACT540	Government and Non-Profit Accounting This course's focus is upon the principles of fund accounting and the financial reporting, budgeting and auditing of both public and private not-for-profit organizations. Particular attention is given to accounting procedures for the activities of state and local governments, but the course also considers other not-for-profit entities.	3
ACT545	Accounting Theory This course encourages students to take a conceptual view of accounting, urging them to get beyond the process and to grasp the reasoning behind the accounting procedures. The focus is upon what it means for accounting to be a source of information and providing a framework for evaluating accounting alternatives.	3
ACT573	Business Law and Ethics This course provides students with a broad-based understanding of legal issues that affect modern businesses. The course covers the following substantive law areas: Choice of Entity, Corporate Governance, Raising Money, Securities Regulation, Bankruptcy, Contracts, Intellectual Property and Employment Law.	3
ACT580	Accounting Information Systems This course examines critical business processes and IT audits through theories of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and using auditing tools and enterprise systems. Case analyses and project assignments nurture professional competence in communicating objectives and procedures through systems documentation techniques, systems analysis and design methodologies, and information processing.	3
ACT625	Cost Analysis Cost Analysis introduces students to the role cost considerations play in management decision making. Topics include the classification and allocation of costs, job order and process costing, standard costs, budgeting and planning, cost-volume-profit analysis, and using costs as performance measurements.	3
ACT620	Advanced Financial Accounting This course introduces the student to many advanced financial accounting issues. Includes the application of GAAP rules for consolidation of inter-corporate acquisitions and investments in other entities, multi-national accounting issues involving foreign currency transactions and translation of foreign entity statements, accounting for partnerships, and segment and interim reporting requirements.	3
ACT630	Advanced Tax Accounting This course is designed to introduce students to advanced strategies in taxation. The course's focus is upon how tax research is performed and the basic concepts underlying the strategic tax planning. Tax issues associated with new businesses, business operation, growth, expansion, termination, and liquidations and estate planning are examined.	3
ACT699	Forensic Accounting Focuses on preventing, detecting, and investigating common types of internal and external fraud. Designed to cultivate advanced understanding methods of analysis of financial crime allegations. Provides the culminating experience of Chatham University's MAcc program. Should be one of the last courses taken in the MAcc Program. Pre-requisites Complete all 3 of the following courses: ACT573 Business Law and Ethics ACT620 Advanced Financial Accounting ACT630 Advanced Tax Accounting	3
BUS511	Health Policy & Advocacy Analyze and synthesize innovative approaches to issues in health care delivery at all levels. Politics, policy, market forces, and advocacy are used to assess how system approaches affect health care delivery. Transformational leadership for political and policy activism are emphasized, while exploring regional, national, and global health issues and trends.	3
BUS513	Logistics and Operations This course introduces students to technical tools and skills essential for problem solving and decision-making in logistics and operations management. Topics may include inventory optimization, network planning, demand forecasting, transportation planning, and productions planning. Mastery of quantitative methods using spreadsheet modeling is required for all students.	3
BUS550	Innovation and Commercialization This course focuses on how to successfully commercialize an innovation. Understanding commercialization activities such as pre-product launch planning, market testing, actual product launch, and post-launch follow-up is a major part of the course. The course provides a run-through of the complete cycle from idea to market entry.	3
BUS551	Informatics in Healthcare This course is designed to assist the student in understanding the various database systems used within a healthcare setting. Key to this course is understanding how healthcare professionals can collect and extract data from database systems to assess the organizations performance and impact on patient outcomes.	3
BUS552	Managing Non-Profit Organizations Through the use of case studies, assignments, and class projects, this course familiarizes students with the distinctiveness of nonprofit organizations and their management. Specific topics include marketing and fund raising, budgeting, personnel management and supervision, strategic planning and implementation, environmental and program evaluation, and managing interorganizational networks.	3
BUS562	Global Procurement In this course, students examine success factors, ethical challenges, legal issues, and managerial implications of global procurement. Students also develop a deep understanding of the impact of procurement on quality, cost, and efficiency of supply chain management through use of procurement tools, techniques, and methodologies.	3
BUS575	Leading Organizations and Projects The course cultivates the student's executive leadership potential for organizational development and transformation, with specific applications to the project management environment. Theoretical perspective and case analyses will explore topics of leading one's self, motivating project teams, change management, and transforming the organization.	3
BUS582	Foundations of Project Management This course explores the knowledge areas and project stages from the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Students acquire concepts and skills in initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing projects. The course examines the management of project integration, scope, time, cost, human resources, communications, risk, and procurement.	3
BUS623	Strategic Performance for Executives This course will cover issues specific to business leaders such as conflict management, negotiation and persuasion, mentoring structures, crisis communication, and organizational change. Other topics will include implicit and explicit attitude toward authority in the workplace; implicit social cognition; attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, etc.	3
BUS639	Sustainability and Assessment Reporting An in-depth study of how to measure, track, and report on sustainability issues in a business. Includes a study of how to create effective Social Responsibility reports and the standards currently used to measure sustainability. Teaches students how to monitor and measure sustainability issues from within a business.	3
BUS641	Sustainable Supply Chain Management This course provides students with an understanding of how supply chain works, how and where along the supply chain sustainability questions should be addressed/considered, and the impacts of those decisions on stakeholders further down the chain. Topics include: packaging, transportation, energy use, and waste.	3
BUS680	Complex Issues in Project Management Case studies and simulations engage students in the examination of complex issues in project management, such as control, portfolio management, and rescuing failing projects. The Student will be able to analyze, evaluate, and optimize projects in specific environments and industries. Pre-requisites Complete the following course: BUS582 Foundations of Project Management	3
COM510	Health Communications Course provides an introduction to the essential concepts and theories of health communication. Students study how individuals understand health issues and how communication processes help shape and influence our acceptance of health-related messages. Topics include health literacy, media coverage of health issues, and health risk communications.	3
FST502	Essential Readings in Food and Agriculture This class provides grounding in essential texts in the contemporary understanding of food and agriculture. Readings include key food histories, journalism, critical nutrition and food industry writers, and agriculture and environmental treatise. Class will meet monthly to analyze texts. Students will contribute to forum and blog discussions throughout the year.	1
FST508	Food Systems Examines philosophical, sociological, economic, and cultural issues related to the production and consumption of food. From Agrarianism to the Green Revolution, explores the transformations of industrialization, technology, and migration. Provides foundation in food systems and commodity chains as concepts and methodological tools for uncovering the relationship between communities, agriculture, markets, and consumers.	3
FST518	Business of Food and Agriculture In this class the student will learn both history and current practices related to food and agriculture as economic enterprises in the United States and the world. Skills include ability to understand strategic management principles including identifying target markets, niche marketing, SWOT analysis and diffusion of innovation theory. Students will be able to develop a business plan including understanding barriers of entry, compiling demographic data, developing feasibility studies, long and short term business goals, define and calculate a breakeven point, and budget formulation.	3
FST520	Basic Agroecology Through working on Chatham's Eden Hall Campus farm as well as neighboring farms, students will integrate best practices for sustainable agriculture with theory encountered in class. Topics will include basic principles of soil fertility, biodiversity, agriculture history, effects of both conventional and organic agriculture, and the politics surrounding the issues.	3
FST522	GIS: Food and Agriculture This course provides students with a solid foundation of the principles and applications of GIS, an introduction to the desktop software ArcGIS, and demonstrates its use in the public sectors related to food, agriculture, and resource use. Students will have the flexibility to focus on their particular area of interest through project work.	3
FST531	Sustainable Fermentation Fermentation is an incredible process by which microbes transform foods into more digestible, nutritious, and flavorful versions of themselves. Participants will learn the basic techniques for lacto-fermentation, as well as the process of using starter cultures and wild fermentation via lecture, research, tasting, demonstration, field work and experiential learning.	3
FST624	Chocolate: Politics and Pleasure This course will explore chocolate as a global product including history and culture, agriculture (growing trees, processing beans), direct/fair trade, labor and justice, health, chocolate production, sales, marketing, and sustainability. Experiential components include chocolate making, tempering; culinary practices, and site visits to chocolate manufacturers, culminating in the design and marketing of a sustainable chocolate product.	3
FST683	Special Topics Special Topics	3
PWR670	Principles of Information Architecture In this course students will learn about the evolution of the discipline and the underlying principles and fundamentals, including task analysis, scenario development, taxonomy creation, and findability design. We will build on these basics with practical and contemporary applications and tools. Pre-requisites Complete the following course: PWR601 Introduction to Professional Writing	3
PWR673	Web Design and Development I This course will provide an introduction to the technical skills needed for designing on-line content and interactive multimedia. Current multimedia tools for use in creating web-based products will be taught with ample opportunity for practice. Students learn authoring tools and multimedia techniques while covering topics, including non-text-based communication, integration of visuals, the animation of text and graphics, and digital video web-deployment.	3
PWR674	Web Design and Development II A continuation of Web Design and Development I, this course will advance student knowledge and understanding of multimedia authoring tools.	3
SUS580	Sustainable Behavior Change This hybrid course combines classroom and online instruction with real-world application. Students learn the latest science concerning sources of environmental degradation. In teams, students apply motivational theory, collect secondary and primary data, and develop an action plan for increasing pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) in a specific context.	3